Journal of HumanArts is an international, transdisciplinary, peer-reviewed journal that serves as a premier platform for addressing and discussing both theoretical and practical issues, alongside innovative solutions in the humanities and social sciences. Publication Frequency: One volume per year, consisting of three issues. Open Access & Publication Charges: The Journal of HumanArts is committed to the open dissemination of knowledge. All articles published are 100% open-access and freely available online immediately upon publication. Article Processing Charge (APC): 200 USD per article. Effective Date: Please note that publication charges will be applied starting April 1, 2027. Waivers and Discounts: A special 50% discount is granted to authors submitting from low-income countries to ensure equitable access to publication. Publication Ethics and Malpractice Statement: We adhere to the highest standards of academic integrity. The Journal of HumanArts' Publication Ethics and Publication Malpractice Statement is rigorously based on the guidelines and core practices developed by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).
The Degree of Implementation of Program and Performance Budgeting and its Effect on the Degree of Accounting Disclosure in Jordanian Universities
This study is aimed at testing the application of program and performance budgeting and its impact on the level of optional accounting disclosure in universities within Jordan, both public and private. In an attempt to meet the objectives of the study, the researcher utilized a questionnaire as the main research instrument in measuring the levels of program budgeting implementation, performance, and discretionary accounting disclosure. It also sought to look into the effect of program and performance budgeting on the level of optional accounting disclosure. The research covered both the public and the private universities in Jordan including the employees in the financial departments of the universities. The researcher successfully gathered 217 completed questionnaires for statistical evaluation and utilized the statistical package for social sciences, known as SPSS, along with multiple and simple linear regression analyses to explore the effect hypotheses among the study variables, thus completing the statistical analysis. The findings revealed that public universities exhibited a greater application level of program and performance budgeting compared to their private counterparts. Furthermore, it indicated that the levels of voluntary disclosure were notably high in both sets of universities. Nevertheless, the comparative analysis revealed that public universities surpassed private institutions in terms of program and performance budgeting application levels alongside voluntary disclosure levels. The results from multiple regression analyses confirmed a statistically significant relationship between the implementation of program and performance budgeting, along with its dimensions of projects and programs, affecting the degree of optional accounting disclosure dimensions in Jordanian universities. However, the findings did not reveal any influence of the activities field on the level of optional accounting disclosure across its dimensions. The study put forward several recommendations, with a key suggestion being the necessity for more thorough investigations into why activities have a diminishing influence on disclosure.
The Impact of Fiscal Discipline Rules on Financial Sustainability Indicators in the Iraqi Economy
This research aims to analyze the extent to which fiscal discipline rules have been applied and their impact on fiscal sustainability indicators in Iraq during the period 2010–2023. Five key indicators were measured, including the budget deficit-to-GDP ratio, debt-to-GDP ratio, current expenditure-to-revenue ratio, interest payment-to-revenue ratio, and non-oil revenue-to-total revenue ratio. The results revealed strong and significant relationships between higher deficits and debt ratios with weaker fiscal sustainability, while increased non-oil revenues contributed to its improvement. The data also showed the continued dominance of current expenditures over revenues and the absence of effective implementation of fiscal discipline rules, which increased fiscal vulnerability and made it highly dependent on oil price fluctuations. The study recommends adopting clear and legally binding fiscal rules, diversifying revenue sources, and enhancing financial transparency to achieve sustainable public finances..
Finding standard scores for visual vision tests of the smashing skill from position (2-4) for volleyball players aged (13-15) years
The research aims to establish standard scores and levels for visual vision tests of the smashing skill from position (2-4) for volleyball players aged (13-15) years. To achieve the goal, the researchers used the descriptive approach in the survey method to suit it with the research problem, The research community included players from the National Center for Sports Talent Care in volleyball, aged (13-15) years, distributed among (4) centers, including (Baghdad, Wasit, Al-Muthanna, Al-Anbar), who numbered (110) players and were of community origin, The sample was chosen intentionally, and its number was (110) players, who represent (100%) of the community of origin. The sample was divided as follows: (5) players for the exploratory experiment sample, (50) players were chosen for the construction sample, and (10) players were taken for the scientific foundations sample from the construction sample. As for the rationing sample, it included the entire sample, which numbered 60 players. By conducting exploratory experiments, the validity of the tests was confirmed, and their scientific characteristics were achieved (validity, consistency, and objectivity), as well as their ability to distinguish the research sample. Appropriate statistical treatments were conducted. The researchers concluded that visual vision tests for the smashing skill from the centre (2_4) are an objective criterion because they are more realistic when evaluating the game of volleyball. The researchers recommend adopting visual vision tests for the smashing skill from center (2_4) in the process of continuous evaluation of players, In addition, it is an important factor in selecting players qualified to represent the national volleyball team, as well as adopting bicycles and the standard levels that the study reached in the process of evaluating volleyball players aged (13-15) years, There is also the need to constantly update the grades and standard levels according to the abilities and levels of the players.
Visual vision, overwhelming multiplication, volleyball players.
Enhancing Psychological Well-being through Health Education among Female Guides in Babil Governorate
This research aims to identify the role of health education in enhancing the psychological well-being of female university guides in Babylon Governorate. Mental health is considered a fundamental component of overall health, and raising health awareness contributes to improving quality of life and the ability to cope with daily stressors. The research is significant because it highlights the relationship between health knowledge, positive health behaviors, and feelings of tranquility and psychological stability among the guides. The researchers adopted a descriptive-analytical approach and correlational analysis, as these were best suited to the nature of the research. The sample consisted of 50 female university guides in Babylon Governorate, selected using simple random sampling. Data was collected through a questionnaire designed to measure the level of health education and psychological well-being among the guides. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used, and the results showed a statistically significant positive relationship between the level of health education and the level of psychological well-being among the guides. Specifically, a higher level of health awareness was found to be associated with increased ability to cope with stress and achieve psychological balance. The results also indicated that health awareness programs contribute to promoting healthy behaviors and improving psychological well-being. The results also showed that health awareness programs contribute to promoting healthy behaviors and improving psychological well-being. The researchers concluded: 1-The research results showed that female university guides in Babylon Governorate enjoy a high level of psychological well-being and health education, indicating that they possess a suitable degree of health knowledge and awareness. 2- There is a significant correlation between psychological well-being and health education among female university guides. The researchers recommend: 1- Focusing on enhancing the psychological well-being of female university guides by organizing training, guidance, and scouting programs that contribute to developing their skills in psychological adaptation and coping with stress. 2- Incorporating health education programs into educational, guidance, and scouting activities in universities, given their role in improving mental health and promoting health awareness.
Health Education, Psychological Well-being, Babil Governorate.
The Use of Digital Art in Visual Arts Education: A Field Study on a Sample of Art Teachers
This research aims to examine the impact of digital art on art education practices among art teachers, through a field study of a sample of middle and high school teachers across several schools. The research examines the shift from traditional to digital art teaching methods and analyses their effectiveness in raising student achievement and developing their creative and visual skills. It also seeks to explore the obstacles teachers face in adopting digital art and the possible means of supporting them technically and pedagogically. The study employed a descriptive-analytical approach and a field study methodology, using a questionnaire distributed to a selected sample of art teachers. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical tools. The results indicated that the use of digital art significantly contributes to developing students' artistic creativity; however, weak infrastructure and a lack of training continue to pose challenges to achieving the desired impact.
Digital art, Visual arts education, Art teacher.
Communicativeness and Its Manifestations in Contemporary Digital Art
Communication, its importance, and its relationship to art in general and digital art in particular is a crucial topic, especially given the ideological, intellectual, and cognitive differences occurring worldwide. With technological advancements, it has become possible to utilize technology to serve humanity. This gave rise to the idea for this research, which comprises four chapters. The first chapter addresses the methodological framework and the research problem, centered on the following question: What is communication in contemporary digital art? The importance and need for this research are established. The research aims to identify communication in contemporary digital art. It also covers the geographical scope (America and Europe) and the temporal scope (2020-2025). The chapter concludes with linguistic and terminological definitions. The second chapter focuses on the theoretical framework and includes two sections: the first addresses communication, and the second addresses contemporary digital art. The chapter concludes with a set of indicators for the theoretical framework. The third chapter deals with the procedural framework (research procedures), including the research population consisting of (50) contemporary digital works, as well as the research sample, which comprised three models, selected purposively to suit the research population and for reasons justified by the researcher to achieve the research objective. The researcher adopted the indicators of the theoretical framework as a tool for analyzing the samples, while the research methodology relied on the descriptive-analytical approach. Chapter Four focuses on the research findings, the most important of which are: 1- Enhancing cognitive depth by stimulating awareness of diverse social and cultural events. 2- Encouraging positive participation by stimulating imaginative interaction with various digital works. The chapter also includes a number of conclusions, the most important of which are: 1-The results confirm that digital art, as a communicative tool, contributes to expanding the recipient's cognitive dimension and can be utilized. 2- Digital works can also be used communicatively to enhance confidence in personal and cognitive abilities. The researcher then presents some suggestions and recommendations related to the research topic and concludes with a list of sources and references.
The Mechanisms of Displacement in Impressionism and Post-Impressionism
The research, titled "The Mechanisms of Displacement in Impressionism and Post-Impressionism," comprises a modest scientific effort to uncover the mechanisms of displacement in Impressionism and Post-Impressionism through selected artistic productions from paintings by Impressionist, Neo-Impressionist, and Post-Impressionist artists. Based on philosophical, intellectual, and aesthetic propositions, art has shifted away from the traditional, classical view, adopting a fundamental, modernist idea characterized by its constantly changing intuitive movement. This idea is that art encompasses both the internal and external worlds of man, with the aim of bringing about changes in the nature of public taste. Thus, art seeks to change by granting the "now" a lasting quality, shifting standard time to absolute time, and replacing the fleeting, accidental with a renewable activity. The research results and conclusions are examined in four chapters. The first chapter is devoted to the methodological framework, explaining the research problem, the importance and need for the research, the research objective, the research limits, and defining terms. The research problem is summarized in answering the question: The following: (What are the mechanisms of displacement in Impressionism and Post-Impressionism), and the aim of the research is to identify the mechanisms of displacement in Impressionism and Post-Impressionism, while the second chapter is based on two topics (the first topic: displacement in art and the second topic: displacement in Impressionism and Post-Impressionism), and this chapter also included the indicators that the theoretical framework ended with, and the third chapter The researcher dealt with the research procedures, including the research community (20 artworks) and the research sample, which consisted of four paintings in order to achieve the research goal, while the fourth chapter included the research results, conclusions, recommendations, proposals, sources and references.
Mechanisms, Displacement, Impressionism, Post-Impressionism.
Haider Fahim Abdalhussein Hassan Alfatlawi
The Aesthetics of the advertising image in postmodern art
The research, titled "The Aesthetics of the Advertising Image in Postmodern Art," addresses a modest scientific effort to uncover the aesthetics of the advertising image and its impact on the recipient through selected artistic productions from the paintings of postmodern artists. The advertising image has been considered a means of conveying ideas and information to people and an important means of visual attraction to attract the recipient's attention and achieve a response to the product. It is also considered an important means of communication with which people interact on a daily basis, addressing their senses and perceptions and influencing their aesthetic taste. The research results and conclusions are summarized in four chapters. The first chapter is devoted to the methodological framework, explaining the research problem, the importance and need for the research, the research objective, the research boundaries, and defining terms. The research problem was summarized by answering the following question: (What is the aesthetics of the advertising image in postmodern art?) The research objective is to identify the aesthetics of the advertising image in postmodern art. The second chapter is based on three topics (the first topic: the philosophical concept of aesthetics, the second topic: The impact of advertising on the recipient. As for the third topic: the visual composition of the advertisement. This chapter also includes the indicators that the theoretical framework concluded. The third chapter dealt with the research procedures, including the research community (20 artworks) and the research sample, which consisted of five artworks, in order to achieve the research objective. As for the fourth chapter, it included the research results, conclusions, recommendations, proposals, sources and references.
Excessive Use of Social Media and Its Relationship to Academic Procrastination among Students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences
There is no doubt that spending long hours in front of modern electronic devices—such as tablets and laptops—has become a defining feature of this era. However, many individuals use these devices continuously to the extent that they have begun to dominate their users’ minds, time, and daily activities. The rate of social media use is particularly high among university students due to their need to gather information, often more than other groups. Nevertheless, addiction to social networking sites can lead to psychological problems for the addicted student, including feelings of loneliness and social isolation. These issues may cause students to procrastinate in performing their academic and life responsibilities, which can negatively affect their academic achievement. Academic procrastination has become a widespread phenomenon among university students, leading to low academic performance, weak grades, and even withdrawal or dropping out of courses. Procrastination in the academic field appears when students unjustifiably delay completing required academic tasks until the last possible moment. It is considered a maladaptive behavior due to its negative consequences. The problem lies in students postponing or delaying the implementation of essential tasks necessary to achieve their academic goals, which negatively impacts the quality and development of the educational process. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify the level of excessive social media use and academic procrastination among third-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Babylon. It also sought to determine the differences in the degree of excessive social media use and academic procrastination between male and female students, as well as to examine the correlational relationship between excessive social media use and academic procrastination among students. The researchers adopted the descriptive method using survey, correlational, and comparative approaches, in line with the study’s requirements and objectives. The research sample consisted of (120) male and female third-year morning students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Babylon for the academic year (2025–2026). The sample included (80) male students and (40) female students selected using stratified random sampling. Of these, (100) students were included in the main study and (20) in the pilot study. The researchers concluded that third-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Babylon exhibit excessive use of social media and academic procrastination. The results also indicated that male students demonstrate higher levels of excessive social media use and academic procrastination compared to female students. Furthermore, a strong positive correlation was found between excessive social media use and academic procrastination among students.
Excessive use of social media, academic procrastination, students
The Impact of Mental Models and Artificial Intelligence–Based Planning on the Development of Match Performance in Handball
This study aimed to explore the effectiveness of integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques and strategic planning in building and developing mental models (tactical, perceptual, executive, and emotional) of handball players, and to measure the resulting impact on tangible athletic performance indicators. The study used a descriptive (survey and analytical) methodology on a sample of 120 high-competition level players, divided into two groups (experimental and control). It relied on integrated tools, including AI-based video analysis software (such as Catapult), mental performance observation forms, and digital mental model tests. The results showed statistically significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) in favor of the experimental group across all mental model measures, with a very large effect size (Cohen's d exceeded 2.4). The experimental group also recorded significant improvement in actual performance, such as shooting accuracy (+32.5%), defensive positioning (+28.7%), and speed of balance recovery (+40.1%), compared to the control group. The integrative analysis of technical and mental data revealed causal links between cognitive improvement and executive enhancement. The study confirms the effectiveness of an integrated methodology combining AI and strategic planning in systematically and scientifically reshaping players' mental models, leading to substantial and sustainable performance improvements. It recommends adopting this integrative methodology as a core part of training and development programs in sports clubs and federations.
Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Planning, Mental Models, Athletic Performance, Handball, Statistical Analysis, Cognitive Training
Development of a Transitional Speed Test Battery for the University of Babylon Futsal Team Players
Tests and metrics are one of the main tools in data collection, as researchers rely on them in various fields, along with other means such as interviews, questionnaires and observations. In the sports, educational, psychological and social fields, there are many standardized tests prepared by specialized experts. These tests are characterized by the quality of construction and accuracy of preparation, in addition to the presence of clear instructions for their application, correction and interpretation of their results, as well as the availability of scientific characteristics of honesty and consistency. The problem of the current research is the absence of special tests to measure the transition speed of the players of the University of Babylon futsal team. Hence, the objectives of the study were to derive and codify appropriate tests for this trait by: nominating a set of tests for the transitional speed. Legalization of these tests in accordance with the players of the University of Babylon futsal team. The researcher adopted the descriptive approach using the survey method, and applied the study to a sample of 14 players from the national team. It conducted a first survey study on (4) players to verify the suitability of the tests, and then re-applied them five days later to confirm the consistency (the second survey study). After confirming the validity of the tools, the basic study was carried out on the main sample of 10 players. The research results showed that the extracted tests have a good level of scientific characteristics such as truthfulness, stability and normal distribution, which makes them suitable tools for measuring the transition speed. The researcher recommends taking advantage of these tests in the process of selecting players, determining the most appropriate ones in accordance with the nature of futsal, in addition to adopting tests that have proven their scientific validity in assessing and evaluating this trait among the players of the University of Babylon team.
Battery testing, speed transition, futsal.
Social dimensions and their representations in the realist school according to Rousseau's theories
This research, entitled "Examining the Social Dimensions in Rousseau's Philosophy and His View of Man in the State of Nature," emphasizes that man is inherently good. Civilization then emerges, property begins, greed and avarice arise, conflict erupts among members of society, and chaos ensues. Therefore, a governing authority is necessary to ensure security and safety. Citizens voluntarily relinquish their rights and freedoms to the authority in order to establish justice, equality, and security within society. The social contract is reflected in realistic artistic productions. The current research comprises four chapters. The first chapter addresses the research problem, its importance and necessity, its objective, its scope, and the definition of terms. The research problem focuses on answering the following question: What are the social dimensions and their representations in the Realist school according to Rousseau's theories? The second chapter dealt with the theoretical framework in two sections. The first section included the social dimensions of the social contract according to Rousseau, and the second section: the realist school and its manifestations in reflecting social reality. The third section included an analysis of research samples from the realist school according to Rousseau’s vision, and the fourth section included the results, conclusions, proposals and recommendations.
The Qur’anic Readings in Al-Kawashi’s Exegesis
The study examines the methodology of Imam Abu Al-Abbas al-Kawashi (680 AH) in presenting the Qur’anic readings in his exegesis “Al-Talkhīṣ fī Tafsīr Al-Qur’an Al-Aziz.” It shows that al-Kawashi adopted a concise approach, adhering to the interpretations of the early scholars (Al-salaf), while giving clear attention to the science of Qur’anic readings. Al-Kawashi distinguished between authentic and irregular readings using specific terminology. He regarded the seven canonical readings as authentic when they fulfilled the conditions of a sound chain of transmission, conformity with the rules of the Arabic language, and agreement with the script of the Muṣḥaf; any reading that did not meet these conditions was considered irregular. He also presented the readings briefly and explained some of them based on linguistic and semantic analysis without lengthy elaboration. The study concludes that al-Kawashi’s exegesis is an important source for the study of Qur’anic readings, distinguished by its precision, conciseness, and its integration of both tafsīr (exegesis) and qirāʾāt (readings).
The Pragmatics of the Interpretive Method of Sibawayh
Some researchers, both Arab and non-Arab, have observed certain similarities between Arabic grammar and the generative linguistic theory introduced by Noam Chomsky beginning in the mid-1950s. Some of these scholars have gone beyond merely noting this resemblance to argue that Chomsky drew the fundamental concepts of his theory from Arabic grammar, whether directly or indirectly. It is not possible here to present everything that has been said about the existence of this similarity or about the claim that Chomsky borrowed from Arabic grammar; rather, I will limit myself to citing representative examples of these views. Anyone who reads The Book of Sibawayh and engages with its chapters and linguistic issues will find that Sibawayh dealt with concepts—along with his students and followers—without using the same terminology that became known in the twentieth century through Chomsky and the transformational approach that spread worldwide. This can be observed in many linguistic and grammatical phenomena.
Measurement of the accuracy of motor response in épée fencing for individuals with special needs
The aim of this research was to measure the accuracy of motor response to a visual stimulus among épée fencing players with special needs, using a proposed device. To achieve this aim, the researcher adopted the descriptive method using a survey approach on a sample of 40 players from categories A and B, aged between 19 and 22 years. After conducting a pilot study, the test was applied to the main sample of 30 players at the training centre of the Paralympic Committee. The researcher concluded that the research sample demonstrated an overall performance level that can be described as acceptable in terms of motor response accuracy, with a clear variation in performance levels among the players. A group of players with average and weak performance was identified, indicating the need for special attention.
Motor response accuracy; épée fencing; individuals with special needs
The Effect of Certain Physical Attributes and Motor Skills among Normal Pupils and Slow Learners with Special Needs
This study aimed to identify differences in certain physical attributes and basic motor skills between normal pupils and slow learners with special needs. The descriptive research method was employed. The study sample consisted of 20 third-grade pupils, who were equally divided into two groups: slow learners (n = 10) and normal pupils (n = 10). After ensuring the homogeneity of the two groups in terms of age, height, and weight, a set of physical and motor skill tests was administered. Statistical analysis using the t-test revealed no statistically significant differences between the two groups in the physical attributes under investigation. However, the results indicated statistically significant differences in certain motor skills in favor of the normal pupils, particularly those skills requiring neuromuscular coordination. The study concluded that slow learning does not significantly affect physical attributes, whereas it has a negative impact on the level of motor performance that depends on neuromuscular coordination. Recommendations: 1) Paying special attention to slow learners during physical education classes by providing specially designed motor exercises and activities aimed at developing their cognitive abilities, which in turn may enhance their neuromuscular coordination. 2) Emphasizing group games and collective activities that encourage the participation of the largest possible number of pupils, thereby increasing their engagement in physical activity. And 3) Urging those responsible for physical education programs to review and develop curricula that are tailored to the abilities and special needs of slow learners.
Physical attributes, Motor skills, Special needs
The Impact of Haliyah Families on the Scientific Movement: The Al-Mahfouz bin Weshah Family as a Case Study
The intellectual movement in the city of Hilla was distinguished by its dynamism and vitality, as it produced a number of eminent and distinguished scholars who emerged from long-established scholarly families and excelled in various fields of knowledge. This movement contributed effectively to the enrichment of Islamic thought, particularly as it occasionally took the initiative in creativity and innovation. The Al-Mahfouz bin Weshah family played a major role in supporting the scientific movement in Hilla, both at the scholarly level and in religious leadership, after it became an established intellectual pillar within the broader framework of Arab-Islamic intellectual thought.
Families, Hilla, Scientific Movement, Al-Mahfouz, Case Study
Utilisation of local raw materials in the production of ceramic glass
This study examined the utilisation of local raw materials in the production of ceramic glazes. It aimed to introduce potters to the procedures for preparing glaze mixtures, the raw materials involved in their formulation, and the proportions of these materials. A number of glaze formulations were applied, differing in terms of the ratios of the batch constituents and the firing temperatures. The study was organised into five chapters. The first chapter addressed the general framework of the research and included the research problem, which asked whether it is possible to use these materials as an alternative to the silica commonly employed in the production of ceramic glazes. The significance of the study lies in: To investigate the effect of locally sourced raw materials, after grinding, when added to ceramic works. To contribute to enriching the aesthetic dimension through the incorporation of local raw materials and their novel surface characteristics, enabling ceramic artists to adopt them in their artistic production. The aim of this study was to utilise construction sand as an alternative to silica in the production of ceramic glazes. Chapter Three addressed the research procedures, in which two glaze mixtures were prepared using silica-rich, readily available, and low-cost materials (construction sand) in varying proportions. These mixtures included specific amounts of fluxing and modifying materials. Milling equipment was used to grind the raw materials incorporated in the mixtures, and the samples were fired at high and varying temperatures. A total of four samples were produced. Chapter Four presented the results of the study. The most significant findings were as follows: The results of sample (1) were superior to those of sample (2) for mixture No. (1), due to the occurrence of a strong reaction when the firing temperature was increased in sample No. (2). Favourable results were obtained in mixture No. (2) for samples (3) and (4). This occurs when the percentage is raised to 60% due to the occurrence of a strong reaction when the firing temperature was increased in sample No. (4). Chapter Five contained a set of conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions. The most important conclusions were: Current research is focused on obtaining stored glass from local raw materials. Local materials were successfully used as alternatives to silica in the production of ceramic glazes. Changing the proportions of the materials used in the mixtures affected the surface characteristics of the ceramic body. River sand exhibited a lower melting point than construction sand, as evidenced by the surface properties. The best-performing samples in terms of surface quality and homogeneity were samples (1, 3, and 4).
Local raw materials; production; ceramic glass.
The Federal Council in the Iraqi Constitutional System of 2005 Comparative Study
The Federal Council, a constitutional institution meant to work alongside the Iraqi Council of Representatives, as is customary in comparable constitutional systems, is intended to contribute to the integrity of the legislative process. The Iraqi Constitution of 2005 established this council in Article 48/Chapter Three/Section One, reflecting the importance of consolidating the federal system. The constitutional legislator, seeking to ensure the rigour and importance of legislation, envisioned the council as a bulwark of justice, safeguarding the legislative text from partisan and sectarian interference and ensuring fair representation for all governorates through representatives from the regions and governorates not organised into a region. Despite its importance, the constitutional legislator, according to Article 65 of the Constitution, left the matter of membership, jurisdiction, and qualifications to the legislative authority. This was the primary and sole reason preventing the council's formation to date, despite the urgent need and practical importance of establishing it. This undoubtedly constitutes a legislative flaw that effectively crippled the second branch of the legislative authority, rendering it a single entity in practice rather than the bicameral one stipulated by the Constitution.
Federation Council, Bicameral system, House of Representatives, Parliamentary system, Legislative authority
Modelling the causal relationship between personality traits and mental fitness with learning motivation in football among students
The research aims to recognize the degree of personal traits and mental fitness for the motivation of learning in football for third-stage students, Recognize the correlation between personal traits, mental fitness and the motivation of football learning for third-level students, Building a causal relationship model to recognize the direct and indirect effects of personal traits and mental fitness for football's learning motivation for third-level students. The curriculum used survey methods and associative relations. The research community included third-level students in the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences - University of Babylon, for the academic year (2022-2023), and 121 students. The main research sample was selected by 107 students through random drawing. The personal trait scale is from (26) paragraphs representing five areas, and the answer alternatives were triple, and the mental fitness scale (34) A paragraph representing five areas and alternatives to the answer were five, and a learning motivation measure (50) A paragraph representing six areas, the alternatives to the answer were triple, and the causal relationships model was built for the direct effects of the areas (personal features) representing external independent variables in (mental fitness and learning motivation) As internal subordinate variables, and spillover effects of areas (personal features) In (learning motivation) of the (mental fitness) route as an intermediate and internal variable, the statistical pouch (SPSS) and the program (AMOS) were used for the purpose of data processing. The research produced a set of conclusions, including a strong, statistically significant relationship between personal traits, mental fitness, and students' football learning motivation. The causal model of track analysis was validated in a statement and clarified the precedence of the variables as independent, intermediate and follow-up. The research came up with a series of recommendations, including: the need to work hard to achieve the personal characteristics of students because they play a significant role in mental fitness and motivation of learning to achieve the goals of the educational process and the future goals of students. Teachers should work to achieve the students' mental fitness and maintain a good level during practical or theoretical lectures, as it relates to the motivation for learning.
Modelling; relationship; mental fitness; football.
The Impact of Appleton Model Instructional Units on Developing Cognitive Focus and Learning the Discus Throw for Students
Through his work as a discus throw teacher, the researcher observed a weakness in students' performance when performing this difficult activity. The focus was largely on the skill aspect, excluding the mental aspect. Therefore, the researcher decided to find modern alternatives that would contribute to raising students' level in both practical and mental aspects, enabling them to learn the activity more quickly and effectively. Therefore, the Appleton model was used, which generates diverse ideas to achieve the desired goal. It is considered a modern model in the field of teaching track and field activities. It also contributes to the research sample's thinking, enabling them to achieve a good performance through the instructional units, increasing students' motivation to learn. The research aims to: Prepare instructional units based on the Appleton model to develop cognitive focus and learn the discus throw for students. Identify the impact of instructional units prepared according to the Appleton model on developing cognitive focus and learning the discus throw for students. The conclusions are: The Appleton model (experimental group) and the method used by the subject teacher (control group) had a positive impact on developing cognitive focus and learning the effectiveness of discus throwing among students. The members of the experimental group (Appleton model) outperformed the members of the control group (control method) in developing cognitive focus and learning the effectiveness of discus throwing among students. The Appleton model contributed to reducing the burden on the teacher during the lesson and increased the excitement and suspense in the students' application of the activity.
Appleton model, cognitive focus, discus throwing effectiveness.
Tabata exercises and their effect on some biochemical indicators and the muscular ability of arms and legs for basketball players
Basketball is a sport whose nature as a team game is unlike many other team games in terms of the speed of its performance, the continuity of its rhythms, the alternating and successive movements, and the exchange between the players' attack and defense in terms of continuity. It is characterized by speed, strength, endurance, and the players' ability to move from attack to defense quickly and continuously. This requires continuous energy consumption, as well as compensating for that energy in an attempt to continue performing the physical efforts throughout the game. Hence, the attempt was made to find types of exercises that may affect some of the body's biochemical indicators during the rest period and the period of physical performance. The main objectives of the study were to identify the effect of using Tabata exercises on some biochemical indicators in the basketball players of the research sample, and to know the effect of using Tabata exercises on the muscular power of the arms and legs in the basketball players of the research sample. The researcher hypothesized that there would be statistically significant differences in the pre- and post-tests of the biochemical indicators in the basketball players, favoring the post-test, and that there would also be statistically significant differences in muscular strength in the basketball players between the pre- and post-tests, again favoring the post-test. The researcher used an experimental design with pre- and post-tests for a single group, as this was suitable for the requirements of this study. The researcher selected the research sample from the players of the Khanqin basketball club and performed simple statistical analysis of the raw scores to interpret them. The researcher used several statistical methods and, based on these, reached several conclusions, including that Tabata exercises have a positive effect on some biochemical indicators in basketball players. The researcher recommended that coaches incorporate these results into their training sessions, given the physical and physiological benefits of Tabata exercises.
Tabata exercises, creatine, albumin, muscular ability
Analyzing the relationship between theatre and politics in the Arab world
The Arab region has a rich cultural heritage that encompasses various art forms, including theatre. Theatre has always played a significant role in Arab culture, with its ability to engage, challenge, and inspire its audiences. Additionally, politics has been an integral part of Arab culture and has significantly influenced several aspects of its society, including the arts. This study aims to analyze the relationship between theatre and politics in the Arab region by seeking to understand how the theatre has been utilized as a tool for political and social critique throughout history, and how it has reflected the political climate of the region. By examining the works of prominent playwrights, analyzing the content of theatrical performances, and exploring the intersection of theatre and political events, this research seeks to shed light on the ways in which theatre has contributed to shaping political discourse in the Arab world. Through this analysis, the research seeks to demonstrate the powerful potential for theatre to engage audiences in critical reflection and facilitate meaningful political change. The problem with this research paper could be that it may lack specificity and clarity in terms of the scope and focus of this work. The Arab region is quite vast and diverse, and the study may benefit from narrowing down the geographic or cultural context and providing a clear research question or hypothesis. Additionally, the methodology and data collection process of the research may not be adequately explained or rigorous, which could compromise the validity and reliability of the findings. Other potential issues with the research could include sample size, biases, and limitations in the analysis and interpretation of the data. Overall, without a more detailed understanding of the study's methods and results, it is challenging to provide a comprehensive assessment of any potential problems or limitations.
Theatre, politics, analyzing, relationship, the Arab world.
Educational Applications According to the Time-Length Index for Developing Certain Physical Abilities and Biomechanical Variables of the Serve Stroke in Wheelchair Tennis (for Individuals with Disabilities)
The significance of this research lies in the development of training treatments for disabled tennis players within their training programs. The utilization of specific characteristics and indicators, including temporal indicators examined in this study, has enabled the post-assessment correlation of performance changes. This linkage enables the identification of suitable training solutions to enhance and elevate performance levels by concentrating on physical training within these modules. This approach is particularly effective when incorporated into a program that emphasizes the serve skill and methods to enhance its performance. The research problem under consideration is focused on the development of the capability of wheelchair tennis players to execute fundamental skills with the required proficiency and the mechanical conditions that accompany correct motor performance. The investigation of the underlying causes is also a component of this study, with a focus on the relationship between time and movement. The objective is to establish a connection and activate the mechanical aspect through the analysis of the characteristics and indicators associated with performance.
The Aesthetics of Identity in Babylonian Art
The researcher adopted her study topic, which was built upon a fundamental problem centered on examining “The Aesthetics of Identity in Babylonian Art.” Identity is regarded as a concept with aesthetic and semantic dimensions that manifest through the formal structure of the artwork, seeking to achieve continuity, communication, and the preservation of its semantic features. The first chapter of the research included the objective of the study, which is to uncover “The Aesthetics of Identity in Babylonian Civilization.” The theoretical framework addressed the aesthetic features of identity in Babylonian civilization, and at its conclusion, the indicators derived from it were highlighted. The third chapter covered the research community, which comprised the artistic works of the Babylonian civilization. The researcher examined numerous images and related sources, such as books, journals, and internet sites. The research sample consisted of four artworks executed in both relief and three-dimensional sculpture. The researcher then relied on the indicators of the theoretical framework to build the tool for analyzing the sample. The fourth chapter was devoted to presenting the results, conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions.
The Aesthetics, Identity, Babylonian Art.
Some Kettlebell exercises and their effect on some biochemical indicators, and some skills for young basketball players
Basketball is considered one of the sports that differs in its nature as a team game from many team games in terms of the speed of its rhythms, the succession of rhythms and the mutual motor performances between continuous offensive and defensive operations. It is characterised by speed, strength and endurance of performance, and the player moves from attack to defence quickly and continuously. The basketball player must have a good level of skill capabilities in order to continue performing physical efforts throughout the game with the same efficiency. Here, it is necessary to identify the types of training that affect some physiological indicators of the body and their effect on the skill level. The study aimed to identify the effect of using Kettlebell training on some physiological indicators of young basketball players, the research sample, and the effect of using Kettlebell training on some skills of young basketball players, the research sample. The researcher assumed that there are statistically significant differences for the research sample between the pre- and post-tests in some physiological indicators under study for young basketball players, in favor of the post-test. There are also statistically significant differences for the research sample between the pre- and post-tests in some skills for young basketball players, in favor of the post-test. The researcher used the experimental method with a pre- and post-test design for one group, due to its suitability to the nature of this study. The researcher selected the research sample from Al-Muqdadiya Club basketball players, and to deal with the raw scores in a simple way for the purpose of interpretation, the researcher used several statistical methods. In light of the above, the researcher reached several conclusions, including that Kettlebell training has a positive impact on some physiological indicators and some skills for young basketball players. The researcher recommended the use of Kettlebell training in training curricula due to its positive impact on improving the level of physiological and skill variables among young basketball players.
Kettlebell training, anaerobic power, chest pass, ladder scoring
Small-sided game exercises and their effect on some physiological indicators and transitional speed in basketball players.
This research aims to study the effect of small-sided game (SSG) exercises on certain physiological indicators and transitional speed in basketball players. The training program was applied to a sample of players over a specific period and included high-intensity activities that simulate real match conditions but with fewer players and smaller playing areas. The results showed a noticeable improvement in physiological indicators such as heart rate, aerobic capacity, and blood pressure, as well as in transitional speed. The study confirmed the effectiveness of this type of training in developing physical and functional aspects in an integrated manner, contributing to the overall athletic performance improvement of basketball players. The researchers recommend incorporating small-sided game exercises as a core component of training programs due to their realistic match simulation, increased player motivation, and clear benefits in terms of fitness and vital functions.
Small-sided games, physiological indicators, and transitional speed.
The Iraqi–Turkish Water Crisis Between 2020 and 2024
The water crisis between Iraq and Turkey is one of the ongoing issues that significantly affects the bilateral relations between the two countries, particularly with the challenges related to the sharing of water from the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. This crisis primarily began with Turkey’s implementation of large-scale water projects, such as the Ilisu Dam, which contributed to a significant reduction in water flow to Iraq. Iraq faces several challenges due to these projects, including water scarcity, environmental degradation, and the effects of climate change. The Iraqi government is striving to find diplomatic solutions through negotiations with Turkey and other countries like Iran to secure fair water shares. The study explored the main causes of the crisis through several aspects, such as Turkish water projects, the expansion of water usage, the absence of binding water agreements, the impacts of climate change, and political considerations. It also examined future scenarios and the challenges related to water sharing, discussing possibilities for cooperation between the two countries in managing the water crisis. The study further clarified that the future of the crisis depends on several factors, such as changes in political relations between Iraq and Turkey, adherence to diplomatic solutions, international pressures, and cooperation in facing climate change. The study emphasized the need for sustainable solutions to ensure water security in Iraq and the broader region.
The Geographical Distribution of Pharmacies in the City Center of Al-Hillah
This research deals with analysing the geographical distribution of pharmacies within the city centre of Hillah, and explaining its relationship to the surrounding geographical variables such as population density and land use patterns. The study relied on the analytical approach using geographic information systems (GIS) to determine the spatial distribution patterns. The results indicate that the distribution of pharmacies takes a clustered pattern, as they are concentrated in specific areas within the city, which leads to the existence of large areas suffering from a lack of pharmaceutical coverage. Based on these results, the study recommends the necessity of redistributing pharmacies and expanding their presence in peripheral and unserved areas, with the aim of enhancing the level of health services and ensuring their access to the largest possible number of residents.
Pharmacies, geographical distribution, spatial analysis, sectors, population, urban planning.
The Impact of Dual Language Acquisition on Cognitive Skills in Children
Many children nowadays are exposed to two or more languages from a young age, making bilingualism a regular occurrence in our increasingly globalized society. Researchers have so taken a keen interest in studying how bilingualism affects the maturation of children's minds. Research has shown that being able to speak two languages fluently can help children's cognitive development in several areas, including those related to attention management, operational memory, and cognitive flexibility. Compared to monolingual youngsters, dual-language learners may also exhibit superior organizational and planning abilities, including task-switching and inhibitory control. Cognitive flexibility and problem-solving abilities can be enhanced by the cognitive difficulties of handling two languages, which may explain these cognitive advantages. Furthermore, studies have shown that the amount of overlap between the two languages determines whether bilinguals' lexical access is hindered or helped. Other research, however, has not shown that bilingualism significantly impacts cognitive development. There is a robust correlation between being multilingual and cognitive growth, according to some studies. Several factors can influence these abilities, including a person's socioeconomic status, the amount of time spent learning each language, the age at which a child starts learning a second language, and the child's level of proficiency in each language. The policy and educational ramifications of the possible advantages of bilingualism on cognitive development are substantial, albeit conflicting recommendations. In order to support the cognitive development of children from linguistically varied backgrounds, those in charge should think about creating specialized educational programs for them.
Bilingualism, Children, Cognitive Development, Cognitive skills, Monolingualism, Multilingualism, Young